Polke Post 7 - On the 10th anniversary of Sigmar Polke's passing, Jacqueline Burckhardt on Sigmar Polke's stained glass window in Zurich's Grossmünster church

POLKE POST 7
Sigmar Polke's stained glass window in Zurich's Grossmünster church

­In the POLKE POST 7, we want to take a journey through time together with Jacqueline Burckhardt in memory of Sigmar Polke, who died on 10 June 2010, taking us from the tenth anniversary of Polke’s death to the beginning of human history – whence, in turn, several windows to the future open up.

Jacqueline Burckhardt (*1947) is a restorer and art historian and was a long-standing friend of Polke’s. In the context of the Anna Polke Foundation’s Oral Art History project, she talks about her path to art, how she met Sigmar Polke, and their joint projects.
A possible indication of an intellectual kinship with Sigmar Polke, whom she met in Zurich at the end of the 1970s, can be found early on in her biography: fascinated by the ruins of her temporary home city of Rome, she wanted to become a field archaeologist already as a child. After studying restoration in Rome and art history in Zurich, she found increasing access to contemporary art in the latter city in the 1970s. It became clear to her that “There is neither historical nor contemporary art, there is only THE art [...].”[1]

­ From the very beginning, she was fascinated by the universe of Polke, who in his work moves in a similarly unrestricted vein through all times. Their friendship led to several collaborations between Polke and the art magazine Parkett, co-edited by Burckhardt, and to the realization of two projects which Jacqueline Burckhardt was instrumental in curating: Polke’s installation with pyrite suns in a laboratory building designed by Adolf Krischanitz on the Novartis Campus in Basel, and his redesign of twelve windows for the Grossmünster church in Zurich.

Sigmar Polke arranges agate slices in his studio
Sigmar Polke in his studio | © Photo: Jacqueline Burckhardt

In October 2009, the church windows were inaugurated in a special service that Sigmar Polke was able to attend despite his advancing illness and thus witness the ceremonial presentation of his last major artistic work to the public. The inauguration was preceded by a planning and working process lasting several years. Back in 2003, the initiators Ulrich Gerster, Regine Helbling, and Claude Lambert had suggested to the Grossmünster’s church council that the windows should be redesigned. A project competition followed, in which Sigmar Polke was able to convince the members of the jury. Thanks to the committed work of the Zurich-based company Glas Mäder, above all Urs Rickenbach and his team, and the support of an accompanying commission consisting of Jacqueline Burckhardt and Bice Curiger as well as Ulrich Gerster, Regine Helbling, Claude Lambert, and the pastor of the Grossmünster Käthi La Roche, all of whom accompanied the production process, Polke was able to realise the project, which was both artistically and organisationally demanding, between 2006 and 2009.
 
Polke solved the daunting task of designing twelve windows, taking into account the existing windows, especially that of Augusto Giacometti (1877–1947) in the choir, which depicts the birth of Christ and thus marks the beginning of the New Testament. With Genesis and prefigurations of Christ, Polke took his main themes from the Old Testament, alluding not only to Christianity, but to all three monotheistic religions. At a very early stage, according to Burckhardt, Polke collected agate slices during this process, began experimenting with them, and finally used them to design seven of the twelve windows.
 

The following is a revised excerpt from Jacqueline Burckhardt’s accounts:

"The church faces east, and you enter through the portal in the north wall. In the west there is no door through which you could walk directly down the whole nave to the choir, as is usually the case in church construction. The sun rises in the east, so the birth of Christ is depicted in that direction in the three choir windows by Augusto Giacometti from 1933. This marks the beginning of the New Testament in the Bible.

The first of Polke’s windows is in the northwest corner of the church, in the dark, metaphorically speaking. It is here that the cycle of the seven windows which are completely composed of translucent agate slices and embody the creation of the world, begins. Four of these windows are dedicated to the four elements earth, fire, water, and air. Agates form in the bubbles of cooled lava. Over millions of years, the cavities have grown concentrically inwards due to deposits and crystallization, often leaving a druse at the core, which contains unimaginably old water. The four elements are therefore literally captured in the stones; what is more, two quite different time dimensions also play a part in the formation of an agate: the Big Bang or volcanic eruption, and then the eternally long afterwards, in which the stone gradually takes shape. Polke – as always – lets the material speak for itself, does not illustrate anything. And we are invited to read the stones and all the traces in them that speak of their formation.
At the top of the windows devoted to the four elements, so-called eye agates were inserted. They symbolise the eye of God or the entity that brought about creation. Most of the agate slices came from Brazil and were already cut and artificially coloured with heat and acids, red, blue, and green. Their natural colours are less vibrant, generally grey, pastel, amber, or ochre.

From window to window Polke selected agate slices with increasingly complex internal patterns and composed them in such a way that the progress of evolution can be read in them. To this end, he first checked each stone to see what could be associated with it, and then integrated it precisely into the composition. Already in the design of the first three windows – earth, fire, and water – verticality and branchings appear, pointing to structures that have already developed from chaos, the legendary Tohu-wa-bohu. In the air window, the stones at the top are grouped together to form a rudimentary mask with eyes, nose, puffy cheeks, and a round mouth opening through which air is blown out.
At the fifth and largest agate window one has biological associations. The patterns, colours, and shapes in the stones and their constellations are reminiscent of cells and cell divisions, MRI or X-ray images, organ sections or grimaces.

Opposite the entrance to the church is a circular agate window in the south wall, which glows calmly and meditatively, in restrained amber colours. Above the entrance or exit, however, the exact opposite appears: a lunette with the largest and most colourful agates, blue, green and red, but also with very splendid black and white slices.
Upon entering, visitors are greeted by the contemplative round window and are thrust back into life when they exit under the brightly coloured lunette.

The agates were cut into slices like salami. There are therefore pieces which are never completely identical but nevertheless very similar. Polke played with a sequence of such slices several times; in the lunette he arranged them strikingly symmetrically. There are two blue stones in the top centre, which, in contrast to the eye agates symbolizing the creator’s eye, now look extremely profane, just as two Mickey Mouse eyes. It has become a really trendy, bright and cheerful window, whose colour and symmetry make it resemble the wings of a gigantic butterfly. One also thinks of the folded inkblot images of Hermann Rorschach, with which Polke repeatedly dealt. Thus, the lunette also contains a hint of the psyche. This last of the seven agate windows embodies evolution in an advanced state, on the seventh day of Genesis, so to speak. After the seven windows made of natural material, five more windows made of glass follow towards the east. For now evolution has given rise to man, who is able to produce material artificially, for example glass.

Polke’s intention was to make all twelve windows appear as if they could have decorated the church since the Romanesque period.

He didn’t want to introduce a foreign element either materially or stylistically. The agates are therefore framed with lead rods in the technique of the bull’s-eye windows, which was invented around the year 1200. But in the Middle Ages agate slices could never have been cut so thin, i.e. about 1 to 2 cm. This requires a diamond saw or a laser beam, and electricity. Polke found the inspiration for the natural stone windows in the alabaster windows of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, a building from the early fifth century. Alabaster is much softer than agate and could already be worked in antiquity and even earlier in such a way that it became translucent.

Polke was the first person in the history of art to equip a church with windows made of slices of agate, which are based on a highly sophisticated iconographic programme.
He was always interested in penetrating – in both senses of the word – matter, in looking through it and in all the elements of which it consists and of which the world is ultimately composed."

In conversation with Anna Polke, Jacqueline Burckhardt leads us through the iconographic programme that Polke developed for the twelve windows and tells us about the materials and techniques he used to condense a vast period of time, from the beginnings of the world to the end of his own personal era, and beyond.
It is a journey through time, matter, and space, in which various strands of Polke's life and artistic production are brought together: his connection to the Swiss art scene, especially in the city of Zurich, with which he had entered into exchange since the 1970s, and his tireless joy in experimenting with materials, techniques, and themes. Last but not least, we are taken back to his artistic beginnings as an apprentice glass painter in Düsseldorf in the late 1950s. As hardly ever before in his work, Sigmar Polke traverses the history of humankind, from the creation of human beings to the discovery of electricity, from the Big Bang to pop, leaving behind a veritable treasure trove of images as a ‘tribute’, mind-boggling in its density and complexity.
 
The conversation with Jacqueline Burckhardt is part of the Oral Art History project of the Anna Polke Foundation How To Sit Correctly, which documents the voices, impressions, and accounts of Sigmar Polke’s companions, friends, and contemporaries. It can be viewed in the archives of the Anna Polke Foundation on request.

[1] Jacqueline Burckhardt in conversation with Anna Polke, Zurich, 6 and 7 August 2019